Carlos Raimundo

Guilt and shame are among the heaviest emotions we carry, yet they are not enemies. Neuroscience shows they act like internal alarms, urging us to pause, reflect, and restore what has been harmed. Left unchecked, they can imprison us in cycles of self-condemnation. But when we meet them with honesty, wonder, and kindness, they can become powerful beginnings. Through quiet reflection, self-forgiveness, and whenever possible, acts of restoration, guilt and shame can guide us toward growth, deeper connection, and transformation.

This chapter explores the brain’s response to cultural differences as a fundamental challenge in effectively managing diversity. The inability to appropriately address these differences delays the process of constructive transformation toward a world characterised by collaboration, peace, and freedom. The focus is on two neural systems: the insula and the precuneus. These regions play a critical role in fostering empathy, protecting individuals from perceived threats, and promoting harmonious living. However, when these systems malfunction, they can lead to intolerance, division, discrimination, social discord, and even war. Understanding these neural mechanisms can aid in developing interventions that encourage constructive individual and collective approaches to diversity, thereby reducing the risk of conflict.

We all have “trains” in life—overwhelming fears, memories, or responsibilities. When we notice and name what we feel, and find a hand to hold, those trains lose their power. This is the heart of Feelings Allowed: creating space for emotions, connection, and the strength to face what feels too big. Because with love and support, even the loudest trains can grow small. What trains in your life feel too big right now?

A Year of Exploration At the end of a year of psychodrama training, we tried something simple but unforgettable. The group had spent months together—counsellors, therapists, educators, people in ministry, and others seeking personal growth. Every week, they used psychodrama…

The recent killing of Charlie Kirk in Utah casts a stark light on the themes explored in Chapter 10 of IAGP Cultural Diversity, Groups & Social Challenges. In “The One Thing That Separates Us: Responding to Diversity – A Neuro-Correlate Approximation,” Dr Carlos Raimundo presents a compelling exploration of how the human brain processes difference, and how these reactions shape society.